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׶ĽжٺϢ˼䣬жӢۼ£ 
ϸɣȴʢİᣬʲôˣ̵֣ԴӾξޱ֮ڽн˵̵ţ̸һССЦֻĵʱż˵ 
ڶ̵űɵӣڽ⵽ǳ£ֻﱾɵĵУɫ˾ѲڡһˣȻڱţȴûʲôֱ̫ 
ߴӣŬ--ɲĵʦ̵ֽóʲôõӣֻһ⣬귽ʮˣССѽڹķ͵¯࣬ƽϱʦʦУ֡ȥ꿪ʼʦʤԽڡ 
Ǵδ֮ʤ챾Ļ䣬ֻʵʲôԶһѳšȥƽӰͽƳڴͽܷ²֮Ŵ֣º˸ʵ飬ֻԼ̸ۣշ׿ڳ϶Ƴиƣ֮һηʣҲܲࡣôЩֻ꣬ټƳһ棬ŭɢһաƳǧȷص˵أȴĿһֱѨʮ֮Ļʲôʦͽڣ˴֮֮ԼΪίʵ̫ΪǱġԼʮۿʱ޶࣬ҡҡ׹ɲҵգȴаοߴһˣϼѡƷҲǰһѧϵʼֱ׷Ƴ 
д֮ʱ⺢֮ǰͦƳֹĹ򣬶ƳţԿɼһߣƳƽ֣ҲǱ⣬֮⺢ѧӿ̿רģʮʱڱߴжռͷ 
ĵɽصһСɽųƽӹĺȴõΪȡ֣ѪԺӣ塢ԼһΪɽһֱδȢޣѧĹҲԿԵɽ»ȡάƣȴһձһճɲġ֮ʱɽŵüȥֻɱ֪øԴ˶󼫵ʦģֱɵϣϡվɽЩмǸ˴ħͷʦܣƽ֣֮ʦҲδ˳谮ƽѧڡЩ̵˶óʦʵܹƳֻδ˵˵ѡ 
ն̵еߴһУʤɽĻο˫ʹýˮ©Ҷ׷׶£ΧƵתʹ̬Ǻÿ֮ιеĵӣͷˮ乡ʽҵò·أǿ֧š֪ʦλʦʦ棬ҲãֻǰԽʹûЩ˽֣ÿȴﻹǱԣֻһ赶ˡ 
ɽȻó΢вãʤеΪʼߣؽ˴ҲԸ̫¶ۼⱳʮ֮λչиȥˡ 
⼴ʤֻ˵ҪڣԼȥҡɽֻΪŹ棬һѵ⣻һʧ裬֪һյ蹦һ³ʤɽж̵еӡ 
ʱڵ֮ǰʤ˵Ѱѱ˸㣬ºӢ۴Ҳǰȥλʦʦʦʦܵ棬лҪ˵ 
һ֮ϲ֮ʼҲ΢΢֮ȴκһ˾Լʤ֮ܣ㶼첻ԣֻһˡһ澪ϲǰ˹һֱҪȥ䡣 
һ˫Сȴߴεںͷԭɽվǰһǽ𣬴ͷЩ 
ߴӶвԥСο価ǳֺãʦܣǰȥɽòá 
˻ҡͷһ˫֮ȴʼδһΡǸ꣬ȴƽƯŮӻҪֻ࣬üĿ֮ݣο˿ίЩǿɰֱѼʦֵܿ޴룬жֻҪЦʲôġ 
۾ֻһˣȴһҲδʦǰȥΪʦġ 
ʤ΢΢һЦȻ㽾ҲޣãʦȻǷĵģ㽫Ǵ֮λھơ¡ 
һ죬ԣǵ簮֮ľΣɽȴЩŶ㡭Ҫ 
̧ͷʦȫڴϲһᡢһ󼤰Ȼɫǣ 
ʤЦááãáֱ㼴ңµЦ¡ʮھ 
ֱʦԶԶվλʦ岮ʦֵܶǰأɽȻֻСһ仰뿪仰ֻ֣ء 
˶˼⣬Ȼ׵úܣʦȥǰ۹ֻһˣֻǵһƳȴ⡣ 
ʱڶҲ˵ϲ֣һ˫ֱĶǧﻹδ˵ɫ˿䣬ֻ˵лʦܡ 
ʦܣ㡭ڴĽëҲ΢΢Ϸһ˿糺졣 
ץԼ֣ͻȻϢ٣üͷҲؿһһæʵû°ɣ 
Ҫܣ漴ȥмʦֵܸں׷ȥңﲻסѯﲻĿʹʹ 


֮䣬ټ䳡ֻһˣȥķͷһƣʦı𵶷 
ˣһմҶȻȡһƬָϰ棬֪૳ҶӡСҶӡ 


 


ǵõɽʱڣСС˶ڻ֣ǣűСҶһһ졣 
̵Ų£ҶҲ游˶ΪҶǸŮһƵļ֮òѱǸ֮ҵСС㣬֮ܺգ˸ǻ丸Զе壬ԳĬԣ˵˾ֱº֪ҶԭǸСӡ 
ȴеһ֪µģֻҶĵһˣ½͡С֮࣬Ȼ棬ѯһŮӼΪϲЩ£ǵҶװͰ͵ƿڴŮģ 
ԴȻҶǸСӣƢģֻȻԵСŮޣҶһż֡Լ࣬żҲӦãȴȻԱ--ֻҪҶĴЦԼҲĻϲһһ޼䡣˸ʦ䣬һжҪҶģϷˮ׽㡢񡭡һֱ˲˵СأǲÿУҶҲֻϲһ𣬶Աʦֵһ˪ 
Ҷʱ΢Ǵ̥ëʺϰڹÿ궼ҪϴĲҩ丸ⱼÿǴŲҩʳҶһи±ڴϺЩҩֱȵЩֻҪڴ߷޴֡ɿΪ˺Ҳź²٣ζΣ϶ƽ֮ҶʱҲֻóСӵĹסۿת顣 
ȵһߣҶʱϲأɽܣֱýƣԲݣصڿҰĲݴвסճտҶǳǳѣͻŹ֡Ī״ɵúסҶ΢ŵСȥҶȴһʧȡЦһŴ 
ʮ꣬Ҷ꣬˶¶֪֪Ƕ̵ȫ´Ľɣ˺һˣ糣ֻԼͷԼС¿࣬ȫֶգʦԼһڱԻϰĸ֣Ҷ㣬ÿ춼ÿޱȣʱҲ벻нաֻҪⱲӶҶԣԸ㣬ʲôҲ 
ʮ֮ʱһֹͬʦֵбܵУҶȴֻЩڹĽȻеģҲżС챧ԹԼӲãһһȰ㻯ΪЦÿÿʱ̲ģҶСֻΪչա壬ضԽԽ㣬ֻҶһ˫۵ɵԶԶӿ 
Ĵ죬ɽнˣҶͻȻ΢۾һڣ֮ҲĬ췽ŵͷ˵磬ҳԺ󡭡Ӻòãҵ 
һԣʱף̲סҶڻСѯʣСҶӣ˵ģ 
ҶȴֻΪ߾͵͵һüЦǸˣŴŵ˵øҡҵʱѾˣңǵһ𡭡磬Ƕеģ޶ԲԣǡԶһ𲻴Ӧ 
ִЩ֮䲻ɳɻȻ֪Ҷﻹõֻ࣬סҶСŵСҶӣҵȻӦһӶɽϲȥְˣʲôԣ 
ģǾͺã 
Ҷһ룬еʱסȴҶСС°ͣԼӡ޵촽ϣ˻һ˵ĿǽҶСҶӣǷӦ׵ĵط 
šҶ붮ĵ˼ͷתۡǺǡЦ˵磬Ŷ 


֮˵˶ٱĻⱲӶСҶӣⱲӶ硭ȴδЩɵɵԴһɢˡ 


ķ粨˽֪Ҷȴǹ˵ƽվŵʦֵܽ걻ǽʦοʦηһ̸۴˶ǼüŪۡЦֻǲڳǰἰҶЩʦֵܴ˵ΪһŤͷ뿪 
ʦŻգҶ˷纮ڷôӺȥˣ㲻֪ΪʱʱòһҵˣȴĿڻʦܡ 
Ҷʱ̲ס޳һûհȰɫ˵ʦܣ¶Բ㣬ֻܴҾ־ǡ 
Ҷͷ˺ð죬ַ̧ţΣտźҴһԶԶܿ 
ˡˣȴղɻصգֻһıҪһ㡣Ҷһ˿ܵԽԽԶ֪ɽ䴦һò滹µı׾ּҶ롣 
Ҷճյĸ̺ۣὥֹϢֻĬĬΣȻҪһ 


ЩҶҪС˯һᣬͻȻĳĽŵֱ֮֮ԼʮɽдҲɽжˣȴδҰ޳û 
ŵ߽ſڲ֪ʱ˼ִֵդһͷդ䡰Сͷ桢ţΪ졣 
ϸȴԭǴѾĴʦη߽һۣļҲϸ࣬ǡƳƳȥ֡ 
ҶŶη˵Ȳ״Ǻ¡ͬ飬յĴʦʣȴģʱطɻڵյΪɵʦҲޣյʦ塭ǷԼһԴʦһһԸ 


ҶԹȻ˼룬һɴק󷽣һͷʱɲԹ 





 
ɫΪҲھҶֱֻһʹЩᣬȴδſֱ֣ʮⷽſڣҲǼΪ˴⣿ǳ¡ 
Ҷҧ䣬ֱѾһƬپ˱ʣºòίһε˳£㶼ҡҡҲҪܣ 
ſԣɫŹ֣˰δ˵ȴǿŴشһƣʱ֦ҡҶ䣬£ŵҶˮأøס 
˺һᣬڽƷҶͷḧָȥˮҶ±֮Ѳյ󡭡ٲչˣԼҪأ֪𣿡 
Ҷ̧ͷãֻ֮ǺҡͷҲף磬˵ʲô 
󡭡Ҫʦ֣Ҳֻܽʦܣٹ꣬㵽ʮꡭͿ뿪ȥȢţʱҸʦʦֵһȥϲơ 
ĻҶ֪ΪӲǡǲһˣ 
Ϊָ΢΢һȴ¶ЦݣǰǶӣЩЦɵ棿ڻСüҲˡ 
һԣҶؿڱ类ݺݴһȭʹקסǰ½ҲᡭһꡢʮꡢһҲǣ磬ҲǶԲԣ 
øɾ˿֮⣺ЩѾˡʦܣԹҲáҲãҪȡҲɣֻǡ 
Ҷ̲סֿ޳㱨ʲôֻҪһ𣡡 
ֻܣʦܣ㻹˵ĺáʱ䲻磬ȥϢɣԺˣʦڷģһȴûиʧҡʦʦﶼý 
Ҷһ˫ȥ֣֮ʵҪһȥ 
źۼ֣ܿȴΪ᣺㻹ǲ𡭡ʦܣԺҲˣʵʦʦܺܶ࣬͸һòã 
ҶĻֻһ䡰ԺҲˡ鼤֮ǰһڣؿڵʱʹ絶ʣͻȻ˹ȥһϡö𾪻ŵĺȴֱ治еĻǲǡʦܡ֡ 
ʱҶԼеСϣǰֻ齹ǵĸ׺ʢŨҩ֭Ĵ룬ܻڴ뾡취ҩҲˡ 


˺꣬Ҷߵľֻżĸף޾׷ˣЩһֺԼʦֵǴҲûܴǸһԵˣǸȴûϸһۡ 
ÿһ죬ҶԶĿҲÿ춼ɽΪʦͷҪôһǿԽԽߵĴҪôʦ߶߶Ľ˵ģ޷Ǹ˹ôˡǸֳˡǸ˽Ȼû˵ͻ˵ 
ʱƶҶӳߺܶ࣬ӿҲЩٶԣֻԼ֪ԼĲѾøؿȻʱʱʹǿǸ˵ʱһӶˡ⼸ʹĴԽԽ࣬ȫų֮ùףҶԼ˯ԺҲѹ 
Լôˣ˵֮ʲôҲǵãǸˣǸǰһСҶӣڻǸһ뵽ͻúܿĵطǸӦñÿܶ࣬εůһҪĻֻǸУǸ˵۾ĸ׾ڸ׵Ļ۵ģǸʱһܸˡ 


ʦÿ춼һСһƽʱҲżϵˣҶúý 
˽£ҶǣʦϲʦûУ 
ÿʵʦɵɵֿЦֻǸεֲˣŴʦӣҶÿʱ᣺ʦҲϲĶԲԣ㵱Ϊʲôһأ磬Ҳ㣬ԺҲʦôˣҲôģֻҪһ𡣡 
˵˵ţҶﴺ˯ţǿŴλصڻЦӣȻɫʱεϻȥ· 
кܶʱ϶һ·ϸһǸ״ģɻص︸ѲڣֻϷڵҩ֭ǴҴҶִҴȥˡ 


ҶԴ±޻ɣֱǰЩӸ׻ʱԼʮҶŸΪԼϵ·ܻطȴҩ֭Ҷʹף֪ΪԼµԭžõһ͵͵ȥС 
ţҶֻſڿȣֱһʱ֮²ų顣һҶЦæȥؽţȴѺһƬ 
ʦֵļΪ£ҶֻЦĿһ˵±Щȥ˯ 
˾̬֮ҶЦݸС˵磬֪Ǹ㣬㻹ǹҵġҽҲǵöԲԣ 
ǿЩҲǵá 
ҶЩ֪֮ˣʦʦҪյĺҲΪ 
ڴأ޿ɱܣֻǱվҪʲô񣿡 
ҶһתüҲЦ⣺Ҫ㡭һڣǰҵ 
ҪѵһҶѰ촽ս޵ķ˫΢΢üеɫѩ׵ıݣһҶô˻ᱧסȥݽ֮䣬˴ǿޱȣҪƿȴ͡ȷһСģ˾˳˫˫ڴϡ 
Ҷ٣ɫ̺죬˫ֱһŨŨˮҲһ꣬ȴֻ֪סĥ䣬ȻҲйоñﻹվ--ӷǵͣķѾҶǰϣǱӦްĲҲ΢͸ۺ죬ֱɫǻ衣 


ǡڴʱһҹôˣ㻹δ˯𣿡 


ġ 


Ȼ߿Ķȴ̲סһ𣬱ʱ½ҶҲ˭ۣҵķȴˡ 
ɽ죬¾Σƿű㴳˽ɫšɬ΢΢һ֮ٿҶź͸й֮޲ټ˿ɢҲѣѩ׵ָڷϸ֮²Ȼŭ£ǡǸʲô£ 
ˡҶڵأտڻʦ㱻شһƣҸֻаԼᣬҶȴС硭ʹʹ 
ɽݺݵҶСòƻ˼ɫˣʦܻҪʮֻ֣һͷ--̵žǻЩ֣֮ҪԻ 
ʦɫԽԽ֪ԼҶѷļɻ䣬ֻƿҶʦܣЩ߰ɣӴԺĪ 
Ҷһۣȴ־ʹѣɽѳȵȥ 
ҶһɴǯסֱǿƳ⣬ɽŭ֮½˦ԶšءĹؽţҶԵֱֻʹѶۣؿһϢӿȴֻղŵǾ仰 
ⲻ⡭ֻǡֻʦ춨ҡȥĬЩԼúܵĻҶ¹Сһ߻ؾӴȥʱ׾·ſڣǼɫףδʣֻ̾ϢһЩϴ˯ 
˴ϣȴ˯ţֱ۽ںڵָӡֻĿ˼ػءƣܻǰ˽֮ʱּֽɫҶһȣǾĻҶͻӵʱ̾ӿͷҶ֮䷴֪ʱԺ˯Ҳòһҹްְʱ 
һߵȻҲùֱͦͦĹڷбʦѵʱӽ˵˥˵ʦͽ֮ݡ֮飬ú£ȴһֱδ粵Ķʦʦŷ 
ɽֻЦҪдģ밮ϧ֪Ӣ࣬ȴһ̰ɫǴȳ£εӢɹܡʦ³ߣ 
ڲԣ˫ֻŵ棬ȴ͵ҶĻ磬Ҳ㣬ԺҲʦôˣҲôģֻҪһ𡭡 
ҶԼȻûһΰΡΪԹŭǺҡһһЩ 
̧ͷ㻹ں˼Щʲô 
һ𣬿ʦ˫Ŀȫǽʹϧʮ֮ɹˡҶֻܸ㵽ףˡѾ̵ţӽӵǿƿʼʦҿʼѾյ 
˼ǼɫҲʦģʦ˽һнʦԸ̻壬ΥģӾú 
ãԼ˵ġɽ˶ģɫƽ˫۽ڴϣĪΪʦ̫ЩҲãա 
ȻûСʦҼģֻܷģʦҲֻһʱͿġ 
ߡ棿ҿа̵ƳʼˡʱʱСģĪǵ 
ʦҡҺۡֹ˫ϥľӲⷬҲǿɬ֮ζ̲סɽϲĹȰ 
ɽɫȷʵƣҲסڣֻϢ뿪Դ̬֮ıӰһΡһȻʦ׳Գ̬ʦǲ˵ˣ̵ҵգ裬ֻһ֮ҶҶ㻹ɣһ˵ʲôһһֻҶҪԼүʳǡǿ檡ŮȺ 


Դ˶ûۿҶհһɽʱʱ޲ߣԿڱ㽫ҶԶԶģ۱Ҷ䲻ܣ϶Ϊʦڲ֮ʣҲľɥֻ˶֮ʱԣ˭֪ʦڣȻ䵭Щӻ۵ĿʱϤӿϣڿ˳ 
Ҷĳ̬ƽ˵ЦòŮŭѣһΡȴǹ˲öԽԽסɽֱֹ޵ǰʪ˺ôһƬ 
Ա߼ȰֺõʦֵܱݺݵĸϿҶһ·ܵɽڵأǿ֦ҶƮ˼Ƭϣ--ֻ˿̫٣̲סһȣɫͨ졢ֽȴʹ 
˺һᣬѹؿڷӿ֮УֳŵǱɽеĴʦͷդЦСҶӡСҶӰҪ˶Բԣ 
ҶգɤӴе԰Ҫˣø˾û˵ˣ 
һгЩ֮ȥ˲٣ʦȴһɽС 
ҶδԴʦ׶ƽľǸΣܵɽǰ︧ο˰죬òײŰѴʦڡ 
ʦûЦֻСҶӡҪߡ˵˵ 
Ҷ΢ЦӦҲҪԹԵı𳳣ҽһ 
ʦʱЦ˳դֳָҶǰץһƬҶǺǡСҶӡ硭硭 
硭ûңһ˵ҪȥˣҺÿġ 




塢 
ɫ΢һʻɽţϵʿδͣʹɽ·ɳ۶ϡ 
ԼĪʱ֮˱ѵǰͥĵӵУһȺȺʱ˾ɫţΨλ 
ʮۣ¾ˮ͸֧Ŷűȭ񣺡ϲǰȥֵˣÿס 
δ䣬һ󻶺ŷڷϵҲ΢΢鼤ʧž˵֮ʵʸӢۣ 
ǰݹһʤҴҿЦԭԣ겻ϷϲˡǺǣ㸸׽ɺã 
˴˼һаãԸСֶΪţձԻֵǻɽɲֵҲڱְЪϢӢδ 
ʤЦıֵֿܣ㸸Ҳ߯ˣôµıֻ 
ȻƣۣȴҲ̲ס΢ЦСֵֶܽǰͬں󣬱˴һʡϧҲ͹˲ʲô֣˼ƽΨÿͣбûУӵǲȱɲʮ·̣ȻҪ֮ˡСֶѧ֮ʱ˼˵ֵܵĴŹãⱨϲĲȴСֶԸ£һݼ 
ʤ˵˵壬Ҳϲãáκȫд˼ѶȫˣֶƣۣȥͷϢɣ˾Ϸúú 
κݸһЦҸȫֻ֮ϡǮʹĥ֮˶֪ΪսҲҸཻȴ޼̳СֶϢѾԻһλֵ׽׽ 
ʤ쵱ŵȥ˿ͷϲ˶ϲüңңڴϹȺ۵緢̵ŴӴ˶üٲᱻ˿𡣼ߴѲʦǰȥӭɽҲóͦذ׵ζֻһϸӰĳ˴ֱղ뿪ķȥ 


κڿͷҪϴԡͻȻĿһȴɵ÷㶣ǰվһ꣬Ȼ㲡ϻżɬѿò֮ƽδжϧѹƣʵλСֵܣ㡭 
Գķż俴ڵԡͰһ죬ŵԲסˣ㡭ʦֵ¡֣ʦܡ 
Ҷߺ࣬ǣңֻһ˺Щ⼸Ÿǹڣ˶һ𴲱ɽ£һﵹҲͻأʦһȥûԴˣɱǰЩպáҲ˲ˣæ͵͵ 
κԽҶýˣҶڰĿڣʦɺãʶѣԲԣҡ Һ֪ң 
κһתȻ΢ЦǡҶҸľֵܺ㣬˵ʮ֮ǰ̵бһأһڲ̵źʱŮˡǸϲޣʮǰ㲻żꡭ 
ҶľΣСʱﻹǵã촽֪Ҳ̬֮鶯һ㶣ҲͣҶ˫һǾޣʱͣ㿴ʲô 
κһݣæƿĿСԲסʧˡһ٣ȴ̲סٿҶһۣ˿̵Ҷ淺ŭ䣬֮Ǳ飬ҲٽŮһƳֲøʱ̾Ϣоɫ֮òΪӣ֪ǸǻӣοҶ಻֪ܻϦ 
˴ϧҲҶ䵭񣺡ҶСպȫȥͣ뼸ҽúÿ 
Ҷ˫üͷ𿪣ҲȥֻҪ֪ˣʲôʱ 
ԿҶһֻɰû㣬Ǻǡʶѣϲý˵Сʦˡ 
䣬Ҷǻ鼱֮¾վ㡢˵ 
⼸˵üֱ֮˺ôһϸҶǵӷ˫ҲӯȻдڡ֪Ҷ˽δ֮˶ֵЦȻĻ档 
СҶֻǿЦǧϡһ٣ֵõúܡҲ㣬ձɻʱӭӿɺã仰ģǰȴǼٵ--ûҶ䣬ȫС 
Ҷ΢֮ݺݵһۣ׹ŤͷǱȥ˵񣺡ߣԼȥŲҪ㣡 
ԿŭӰηŴЦȤȤҶôɰС˶ 


 


֮󣬺ƺƵһκȫɽǰȫİڣٺ·ӵϢǰףصĽɺ֡ 
ֺɽͷ̵һʱСʤѴŵͽɽͷӭɽ˱ЦЦ̸̸롣 
Ҷ⼸յȵúĽһ嵽ǰͷһ˼޲һ̾ߣֻ˵ͷƿĿ⣬Ҳδ˵һ䡣ҶҪڣվɽɫһ֪⣬Ҷˤڵء 
ʦֵæһȴߵԶˡ 
κʱվ֮࣬Ƿοһĵ졣˶˶ǺɫҶ䵭ʵڴ֮⡣ 
ҶֻǴıӰһ溮ǣһ˵ĲͷԶȥһ˻صԼķ䡣 
пһˣҲȥ˴æ̵źò˽ʱգϲɫźüæǰæгԼɣпԼģֻʣɽĴʦ˴Ҷֺĳ˼²ɫɽ 
ŴʦĵĳԷҶʼһԲͷյģﻹҵõ˵졢졢졭綼ˣôҲûáռδҲδʹջװ 
ô˺þãʦ˵ǳţʦܻɽ˯ȻҲڶڡǿڲԶ֦ҡҶڣɽ罫죬ֻ֮һˡ 
УһºʹЦڤСҶȻҴԷòã 
Ҷ̧ͷǰȴǸκԡʱûյľֻҡҡͷ㲻ˡ 
κԼɫ԰ףһۣǰȰҶ𲻿ģֵֻ;ۣǲ˵ȥ 
ҶֿһۣǻҡͷκԿܣһѽߣҲԸԸ⣬ֻקǰС 
Ҷɼһ·ŭӿ˵ҡ֣Ҳȥ 
ԻͷЦʦֲ㣬ôѿԽύʹȥǶӢۣҲֵܲ 
ҶĻֻҪֻҪ˭ҲҪ֣֣ 
κһֱſˣգҲգĿҶɫΪŹ֣㡭Ҷǲס 
ҶնȾϺΣҲü٣˵ȴΪҾϲ磬ϲľ߿ 
һ˵ЩҶг˺ЩҲһƿԱ˿ȥδƽվԭز֪Ǻá 


Ҷȥ磬ȻڴϰֻЦ֮ȫǳŪ󣬸ֻҡҡλȥš 
׶ڵķ˽֮һڷϣأСƾܣҲԡ 
Զ̾һԽҶ˵ΪĶϲĲˣȳ԰ɡ 
ҶСһƲһ˽ԭϻֻеá 
Զָḧļ米кѹȴֻȰЩԷҶִ꣬ʳǳ˲٣ȫһֱຬЦעӡ 
꣬Զοʰȥʱȴֻ󻹴˺üˡͷλʮģ˶ӣƽǻöࡣ 
ɫԸǹҶǳƺΪү֣Ϊ׵¶ϲ֮ɫʩ񣬱ϹϾСү༸Ҳˡ 
Ҷһæסʵ˭ 
ԶɫЩ죬˵Ĳ̫˵ҲǣǿһԥŶͷ˵λոԶ·ȥͷϢɡ˼Ѽݺɺã 
˱飬ʩһ㼴ȥͷ˱߱߻ͷҶüۣﲻס̾񡭡񡭡 


Ҷ븸׽ԶĬ÷ſڣҶǴӾģ⹫ϸȥˣµҵţ㣬ԡԡ 
Ҷֳ˺ôһšĸףСŸ˶̵ţӲ֪Ǳ߻ˣҲδֻ˵Щǰĸ֪¡ 
Զ̾ϢҶʮǰǾ׸ҶҵĶС㣬˻Լͼ;Ͻٷˡʱʦֺһ׶ȫûȻһ·֪֪͡һ·ദ˫˫ģһȥ㡭λܼˣֻûؾĸ׼˵Ļ¡һç޲ƣĸ׼Ժգòԭǲģοն࣬ڣҶԭҪ޵ķǱҲ޷үǵձϳţ˺硣ǵաʱ׺ģ͵͵ЩϸϣһҲûҪ˪ 
Զ񽥽ƯԶ·ֻصշ޶֮ʱ˪Ǻҡ˵ȻұٲҽӼãʲôҲڡϧһûܺúչ 
Ҷаοûֹ㣬ҡҲ뿪㣬ȥǣҶһӶġ 




ߡ 
Ҷֻ˵ǵԶȴҡͷҶһӣȥɡżȻôǹ㣬һáҲļңͺúӣ᳣ȥġ 
Ҷ㲻ҪˣҡĶҲȥ 
Զһ΢̾Ҷչ˲ô࣬꽥ˣҲҪȥźáҴӦ㣬һпվȥ㡭 
Ҳȥð͸ˣҶ˵ףˮƽ벻׾ƽİˡ 
ԶӵڻڲϷһʱ֮Ҳ֪˵ʲôݵĳĬ֮ȴͻȻҶ 
Ҷһ̧ͷŸףǳ˫ƺʲôԶڣֽ˵ʵһ㿴ˡ㿴Ӿ͸˪ҵһģһ飬򡭡ҲҪȫ㣬Ҷֻôһӡ 
Ҷ鼤ȴ˵ʲôԶҶʲôĶУȥ˾ཻ֪Щѡӣ˰ɣ¼ضʺĹһ 
ǰҲϲ𣿡 
Զһԥ㼴΢ЦǰǰҲϲĹǸһҶͻСܶùĻȥɡ 
Ҷ˺һᣬкãԶѶȰСʱںͷĿڴʯȥǰ 
ô֮УκȫʱЦеҶʳʶ̣κ࣬ȴҲҶգ۶Цû¶ӱɱ֮ɫЩɵѷ׷ǰԼԹҶֵܣҶһʱ޴롢ֻ֮һ˫ۿŸס 
ԶЦȺ֮бתȥ˱𴦣ҶСǿӦ𡣱ҲˣΩκȫֱҶԼ£õ˺ЩµСֵСģκҲǿ˵ 
ҶʱлϸλӢۣ΢ڴɢľֻü䲻չҲǰЩЩʲôϲ֮顣ҶƽĻʦܡ˵˼䡰֮л 
ҶΣֻ˵һ仰죬ҾҪȥˡ 
ɫһͣ漴΢Цʦܣһ·˳硣 
ҶճյĶ֮棬ֹ˺ð칤˵óԺ󡭡ܲˡ 
ҲãʦܳţӦʳ檣ԭɽϹֿӡ 
Ļ 
š 
ҶЦһ޻˵ŤͷϵĵͣζӦȴѱζֻһɬʹ֮С 


ֱҹʱ֣ڴշת࣬û֮ƺҶС֡಻ԾҶ˵ЩĻҲȥš 
Ҷɫƽһۣ΢΢¹ӳ续мˡף˼С 
Ҷ˽غƵơҶȴһڴϨеƻ磬ֻһߡҺ𣿡 
ʯĳҲҪ֪ףȴѱҶСǣߡҶסΰðûпڣǰ½󽥽ʪһƬ 
ֻһʹ΢ƲҶļˮ֮£Ȱ 
һСᣬҶ½֮»ȻһƣҶȴ£ڰֻҶƽ磬ֻҪһ㹻ԺҲˡϣҾͰǹȥ˵Ļˣ 
Ȼվ򲻿ɣԸʶ䣬ѧЩɼ 
ҶȻЦҺ޳ܣ磬ӦҰɣտɲ֪ʲô 
ҶǺοࣿ¼ŮӲֻ֪һʱԻ󡭡 
㲻ӦǺáߣֻҪձڡ 
㡭ãҴӦ㣡֮޹ϸԸԸûʦܣ 
ǰϧ֮ȫһǻʹģ벻ͨҶŭ֮־ٲԿأֱҶһ⡣ 
žһھҹ࣬Ҷ嶼˳Ƶ˴ϣȴδʹδᣬֻĬĬȥڱΡ 
ĿãҲҶʱı飬ΨǾѾȫ΢չֳʵȫһһĺ 
ҹںڰʹÿһεȴÿһһɢ޼޴ı룬ȻΨһӡǣҹп¹ϣӴ˲ٽ 


ڶ峿ɫ΢֮ʣӶݵ˯ͻȻѣ齼µϢʧʰʱ㶿űµĴֱ֤ݣһŰѪκᴥĿġŭʹ淳겻˳ֽǽϵıȡҿһֱͨ鲼δס֡ 
й˺һȻӵڵأҲ֮Ŵᷢ 
ʱ˻ǿӦһݲʰ˷ڵĻٳȥϴ 
˺δټҶֻúκʱʱҶ֮˵Ҷǰҹ˷纮òᣬ춼޷ɼɷһﰮϧʦֵܡѣȻκǸӡκȫɽҽ˺Щ༫ҩҶǼԾǶļҲСҹźСδǾϿӣϻҪú췽׼ 
δζ֮¶ģκͬȥ̽ҲǴδ˽ƿֻ̾Ϣȥ´ȴҶΡƾþֶΡ޶ԣüͷ˵㼴һ߿ 
˭Ҳ֪ɽǿҡҷĴ£ҹҹ˫ÿһʱֱɫƣĻصС 


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գɽϯɢˣɺַʱ½ɽֻȫڻҪ졣 
ҶӽãҲѡһ뿪̵ţΪе˾Ȼ٣Ψûһҹ֮ԭûָֻǰⷢɵ֪ҲȻҲ̲סƵƵͷ 
ֻ᲻뿪þ֮أֻ֪⡣κ²̣Сο䣬ȻţԶֻðˡҶҹţ֪һҶһϵΪ£ΪȻʹѹȴҲҶɾʹġ 
˽ų죬Ҷڵɽ·пԶҪϢԥŻͷٿ˼ۣڻҡͷ߰ɡ 
κԿɫ֮㲱ǰո֣ɵó˵ҶȥֵܽɺãϢƬ̡ 
ҶȻһЦˣͷҸʦһҶ㡢ڡ 
˵仰Զ٣̧ͷЩʦֵܵλʦֵҲذɣҶչٺú˵ǰǵᡭ̫Բסǡ 
һüʦֵܶҶδ˺ɫЩ֮ܳС˵ЩЩӡпձơҶ΢ЦһһӦһŲ԰׵ҲظЩѪɫԽޱȣ˶һұӣòƿĿ⡣ 
ֻҶԼȻδתͷԸ˵Ҳȥɣǻչҵġ 
Զ˸ͷҡͷҶһ˵Ự 
Ǹڼϲ˴ţκԱȥǰЦҶͷСҶҪúñأκԺȥ㣡 
Ҷһ죬֪ŭŲ壡 


Զһֱɽţһ·߶߶˵˺ö໰޷ǽҶע塢Ҫźλ˵Ľ̻塢ŲƺΪҶһһӦУǹɣƽԴྶͥߴٸ׿ЩɽϢ͡ 
ԶҶͻȻ䶮࣬о֪Ǻζοϲ֮ЩпֻԸҶ¿ɺúչҶûõĸףƯҲӵĽ֮壬ԼòڼҶϲͬΪӵԼʱʱտҶŪ˹ء 
ɴΣֶӢ۴Ŀףǰ;ҶаϸԭὫҶ黹ҶңȴʵڲҶִڴˣҶϾСǷŲµģʱһҲ͵ˡŹ㡢СұҶܲģʱȢޣյĺͿ㲻ǣҡ׵ģҲֻˡ 
ҶͣδڣǶŲģŸѾˡ͵ɣпյʱʦͷ죬һ˴ںɽܿ 
ԶͷҪȥ˼ȴ۷ѹҶӦǧʦ 
ҶηŵͷЦҲġʵʵʦ嵱Ҳδؿġ 
ԶҶͷºһѹҲֻ̾˿֪ͺáȥɣҶ˵Ļ 
Ҷ˷Σ򵹸ǰҪԼأҶʹ˰ݱ𡣡 
һ䣬Ҷֿͷ֮α㼴ǰУûл׿һۡۻزͷԺ·ֻʣһԡ 
ǣӦ˳ӿ壬Ϊûһϲ֮ģػʱҰʢĲݴУԶܳ󣬾͵ǸůĻ΢Ц˯ȥֱڡֱֱΪһѲԲʬǣҪڿĵöࡣ 


·һߣҶÿ춼Ǵ·߷羰˴ãԵõǰǲͬЬףĵƽʱʳθҲɫԣֻۺʱɫΪƽʱ΢΢һЦ۹ȴ޿֮⣬Ƕߺ 
ͷҶܼңԶСҶ˪ӢδʱķɼΪϤҶСүòС㾹оŷƣ˭Ҳҡۡ뵱꣬ҶҵĶСò˫ȫԶȫǵһŮСʡ֮Ӷ»ԼͼʱķųҲˣӵܰġ˭;ǿˣçȡС㱻šһȥүӴ˲׼ĳ¡ҶҲƴֻϧ˶үһҲûһж޳ŵСȴСүү¹СүؼңСүʲô̵ŹʮӣȴôС㣬òˣǸжֻҪĻҶգԿΪҶơ 
Ҷĸ֪֮࣬ùܼ˵ȻѯʣֻܼС㵱Ĳòɣ㲻Զ˵ĶүҶ˿δֻﰵĸ׼ԺգȴĸԸŵܿ࣬ٺҲ֮ӱӦˡ 
ܼ˵һ£ҶòףãȻʵΪҪҶҸ֡ 
ܼ߶߶ǰ˵˺þã̬¶Զ˼Ҷڻɣֱձһɿŭֱţһǰӣסڣ 
ǹܼһæվһߣҶӲҲվֱջȥֻ˼̲סϢӿǰڣˡһڵϣһ֣ӱְ˽֮±㲻̫ǵˡ 




š 
ջ֮Ҷżȴֻޱۣʱٻ˯ڿջ֮ס£ҶСϣҽҩҲϲ١ǰεĴ¶ɫ˵λүķμЩëɷȿԡƣ۹ȣ˴̼Ǵסҩʯ֮Чֻεǰ˲ȴʱʱտ 
õ죬ҶظѣܼҲ֮ԣֻСүӾ·źáҶ˵Ҫض̵ȥ˻Ȱ򳤹ڵأò׺ҶͷӦ 
գһͣͣǣսűһ֮ӭҶֱҶĳɽ˺Ҳ׷õҶ̽类ƦԶԶƼ˲ʱ겻ǣһվڵشľżҲЩ欵ŮЦ̬Ǵޡ 
Ҷ²вɵһŭ⾩ľ֮ͽŮҲ㲻֪ܻ䡣ǰ˵Ů֣һͬ--֪ķСͷ¶棬ĲǼ̻ŮӰˡ 
ҶǰΧǽޱߣҶҲδϸֻӭӵ˽һŮŮΧףӦӲϾͷĿѣ֮˽˳ȥϷԲڴȴȴжˡ 
ټͥԺת˺ü䣬һƮҩζķ䣬ǻȴֻԴϵϸ㲡ϸһ˲ǿֱֱֻµҲǽסšҶϸƣֻüĿϡóɫаǾȡҲû촽˼⡰šһʱȴǽвڡ 
һ಻ӣһòŮǲˣֻҶԼҶһŮӱ΢ЦҶˣ˶ӣʱҪסˣĸСҲ̡㿴Ҷ㵱ǳһģһɱˡȻǶϸ˵ġ 
ҶǰŮѾʶȴǴδ˿̷ŻȻԭĿپԼ߷ⷬɵֶЩ׽̡ϸδ˵ֻһҶ૵˪˪Щɿˡ 
ҶȻתͷȥŮӸҶ⼸첡صеϲˣȥɣ´ٸ˵ 
ϸ˵˻ỰȴЩҶǰΡʱǵòĸ׵òҶһûһĴ𻰣ҲԲѣ;Ͷټ֮ϲ¶ƣ̬ˣȰϷϢ׼յԷһ·Ͻ·;ҲЩн 
ԭиۡ׹ĸֲأѷסҶƹ񡣷ԪХھҪְæȴҪҶææ⣬Ҳᣬй񣬵ΪҶӷϴ 
ҶֻŰϢҪƴȴʧˣҲֻ΢ЦӦˣƣ۲֪Ȼһ뵽Ӵ˺ҪסãȻ޴룬ȥȥΣҪո뿪˵ء 
ܾ˵źҶԹԽ˷䡣Ȼõû䲻֪а赽ֵӣɵŴ֮ɫޣȴǴֻ塢⣬Ҷ˼£벻˺֪֯˸ǷҲ룬˯⵹ͷ˯¡ 


һҶ֪ںδǰ﷢˰㶣𹧾ع´ţȴԭüĿСѾߣֻ 
ӲҪźԡǲϣһͨ죬ŮˣֻȥЦЦ˳šʱҶˬ飬ɫӨ˫Ŀںڵĳɢڼ磬ۣǸŮŮȥͷ֮ʱ̲ס͵͵˫ü΢Ŀͭȴ֪ʲô 
˴ߴ٣Ҷоѣʹȥ˺Ժ԰е֮ϡˣλһŽ۵ӣɫϣòʣͿʮͷֱҶڲ࣬رڳٵ̸ԪХˡ 
ǰǣλʩ̸ԪХ۷԰΢ЦҶض񣬿±ǡǺǡ̸æողŵл˵һ 
ҶֹšУ˺Щ£̸֧ǶԪХҲʮֹҶȷǳֻܾò̷ǰ׽Ѫ֮Ͼб 
Ц̸֮Ҷŵ֪λ̸ڳоǰ;ֻڱθְȴ壬֮ӡõΪ׸ʡȨνԺաȨ㳯Ұ˷ӭԪХȴ̸黳ȣ˿㽾֮ɫҶԭ֪Ǹʲôٶ̬￴϶ǲСٿ̸ǫ鵭Ȼ±羴֮ģ̸Ǹء 
ƣҶֻ裬δҲƣҶԼм޸о׽ЩĵסҲδá 
ҹɫƲɢȥ˶ȥֻԪХҶڻС̸ͤġҶãǽЩҶҹȥ£Ȼٲĸס֮У˪ĲɳڣԼΪжʱװ棬˽ЩīͽύΪѡʫԣʿжһ˿Ůӣȴ֪ΪģΪԼȾ֮񱡣ֱǰ£˪õԼһ¶ԼŮ֮Ӵ˶Ͼٲ˽ֱΪ˼ҹ£ڵδܿȵǡ 
˵˴ЦעԼԪХ㿴ҶʱҲһǲǣ㵱Ůװӿһޡ 
ԪХ΢΢ƫͷҶһۣ΢Цºͣ񣬵ҼʱŮװ硣 
Ҷں棬̾ԪХҪӦҺúôҶֻôһӡȻꡭ㲻𡭡 
ҶһͻԼµЩߣȴֻۿԪХٿڣƽУ֮ûϣ㡭㡣Ҷã㵱ˡ 
˿̷ŷƴȥס֣֮ԪХ÷㣬Ҷǰĸ֡ 
ҶͲסѯʣս̡ӿڴҶĸ׵ķԭӦԪХվ㲻㣬㽫Ҳ֪¾֮˽֪ѵԪХûϡ˵ЩҲᡣ 
Ҷ㶿̸ٰζӳ£ĸ׵븸˽³ɻ飬ţԲıδۼˣȴȢӣ˵ĸȫԹԼҲǼãȺΪβĸϲĸԺաӢΪķƫƫֻؽĸף֮һֵ׺˵塢벻ĸûиһûԼ˴Ҷզ࣬Լ̸ס̲ס͵͵̸֮档 
ԪХһǸΡֹͷЦɵӡ˵¸޹أ˾ͻȥϢҪЩΪ˼λȽѧʶȡ 
Ҷ֮ģҲסʮָм̸Ȼƴĺ⣬ֻʵʵӦˡ 



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ҶҶס£֪ࡣ 
ҶϷ˲ಡ齾βۼǲɵˣҶÿ춼ȥҲ׽ֻ֪ŽҪ죬̲סѹĸõÿձҩ̷ܽϣ̬ȴᣬܻҪ֤ѧΡ·ݺҲʱãС񲻶ϣԴǾֹذмӣҶѳδ˵ȳζм֮ǲ˵ˣÿһ뵽͸ףֹסҳҶǡף˼Ũȴһύӣ类ǧϸ˿Ҳòؿھɼٸ 
ʵҶӱչˣѺ࣬ɫҲЩСѾ˽¶ڰġҶСүżڲ࣬ٲýò֮ڣ𸮵СѾͷƼǴ 
ǰ棬ҶÿγŶѾͷǸţкܲڣֲܾ̾ҲǣŵȴԽԽ٣ڸжд֡Դϻۣ˼Ȼ죬ˣǰһڹ㽥ķϣǵȴǳķҲûʲôôⱲӶ赶Ūǹ 
̸ԪХȴ汸ǰδʱ丸¶սΪǽ˵ˡΪ˳ƵһҶ̸䲻Լ֮ܣֻʮ֮һӣǵȲ۲۵ĴɷȸֵЧ 


õģڹ죬ȥǰҲ˵ˣֻҶֽ֮и򸾡˫ĿͷӦˣϷ˷ҶȪӿ˵򵹣һζϷĴ 
ֻ˿ģɥ²ٰȫԪХҶТǰһ죬лʱδʧ̬һƬذпǳ٣ȻģȴҲοҶټҵվҪ֡ 


Ϸ֮Ҷÿϰһ˽֮ǰ࣬򸾴糣ҶƽȴһֱѹԸ׺ĹҲԽԽһ뵽ȥǰľģ㵣Լĵطкʧľǲ롣 
һ鷳겻ѣ緹ĴӺԺС˳ȥδԳţʵЦԼӣǵĴҲ̤һദ 
иۼѾԶԶ׷ҪźҶǿԼѾ˻ڣһﳤȥ 
̤ƽ̹ʯ֣ͷһƬʡյգҶʱЩ˳˳ⲽС֮ڶ̾¥Ȼ·ۼ֮ء 
˺óһ·ҶƣۼͽһҾ¥ڿλӡ¥Ͽȥ̬ɷȤҶ濴֮ȴ˶̵еһλʦչ֮ʱʦֳЩС˵Ǻò˴ӾǴֻһˣûչЩһΣΪ˻˵䣬ȴ 
ں˼䣬ڵСǰźҪڵˣһԭִٳţδ⵱ڵǾ֮Ҷֻþʵ棬СŹֵĿһۣһҡͷһ߿дǣļҵС͵ܳ¡° 
Ҷһ֮󷽲ŻعСΪŮӣǼλȴ޷ģԹԸ˸СͷҶ֮߾֮վ¥ߡ 
¥Ͽֻż꣬ϾƲ˵һѣֱԵñǽ塣ǰҶ㻥༷üŪ˺һ󣬴Ҷ߳¥⼸Ҳ¥ںͷĸȥ 
εѽƻ裬Ҷֻ˳ʱ·첽ߣȫûβ档 
һֽʱǼ˼ӿ첽Ӹ˴ʹɫһ뷢ѣʱҶСٶǴ³֮ 
Ҷ֮ҪȣҲǼ˵Ц֮һ޷ʲôƯС椡ҹ桭̵úáȻĺô 
ЩڶҶǺЦǺ£οڲԣֻһ̱˺ѿһƬƽ̹ʲôСˣ 
Ǽ˴һϵҲԷſҶæ£½°ȴҲƲѿڣѩϸСĿ޿ɶΡ 
Ǽ˶ۣСһаֱϴͷһſˮô˵ 
硭ôƯ˶ŮҪźá 


ҶԭΪѾ£˿̷һתͷǼ񣬸Žֿ̧ȱܡ 
Ǽ˸ں׷ᣬʱΧסǰȥֱֵùЦʱֿ·һǼò㶼Ժ֮ţ첽߿ 
Ҷ˺ð죬ֻϴ󣬶Ĳѣټ£Ҫ˳㱼˶ǿǣſںݺҧ£֮ϱӭһʹ 
һƴðǣȥԶͻȻ֮ʱҲǼ˷ſˣһΪϤڴȣһ㲻ٿ֧ţ˳ƣ֮б۾ 




ʮһ 
Ҷתһ̧֮ڣŽߵҶһȿ̸Ŷ 
ԪХɫȣֻдЩŹ֣ԻͬҶʱ˻ȥûˣԺСЩٲ˽Գ 
Ҷ¶֮ΪǱȴڣֻúͷӦ̷һ˺ٲڡøУԪХȡͽڱȥٵ鷿 


ҶֻΪ̸Ҫѯԭίֱ鷿˭֪սű֮ĺȳ⣺£ 
ԼʻһƬֱͦͦȥԪХһһߵǰΪأҲǰδеɱĻˡ֪أ 
Ҷͷһػ̧ͷ磺̸ûСǡ 
סڣԭΪǴ񣬿ɿ֪֪˲±Щӵܣܻŷ磡 
ҡҡҶίؿڣˮۿסת벻̸ô鼱֮¸ﲻɾ䡣 
ԪХ̧֮ľʹĿҲҪҶҶߣȻ񣬲Ծӱ㲻ġԪХԲ㡭Ҷ˪úݵģ 
ҶһʹҪȴѱԪХסؿ½󣬷ŭ֡¡ġ뷭ӿԭǰһֱǺĸ׵ΪʲôнǼٵġ 
˼۶岻ԪХһ˫Ȼݾ˺ۣҶ̴ֻپ㲻ÿڣĿڴй¶ء֮һֽžǸ׳ѹ£ԪХƽŵ̬ʱͬҰޡ 
ٶãֱֻҵʹҹҲ£ȴԼĸԸǵŭĸʹԹһֻٻп˯ȥΪѪĸо˱棿 
ȥʹʹʹ嶼鴤ˮһελǰȴʧڿ͵Ĵ䡣ڶߵĴϢô̲࣬סƴͷȥһֱקͷϻⷽǿԼܸĵ 
Ǹҧгݵ--˪һһ飬·ҪԹ޾ԷйϢĿֲֻͬĳ񶾵ȻҶľıۣκ 
ǡĸ׻ծӴ˺ϲǷŵҶĵͻȻƽҡе彥ʧȥֱ֪ûʵĺڰ 


֪˶ãȻǸڶ߻صҶһúչһһٲҪȥˡҪ˪һ 
Ҷ۾ɫѰԪХɫֱʮᣬעĿӡ 
ʹɣһָҲûУһſһԣԪХʱ¶ǰḧ 
ҶüƿĿǿڣ伫΢ȴǳּҡ޹ϸ𡭡ÿ 
ԪХһ㶣ƽȥּҶһúô㣬͸ҰɡҶģҲģĸãҼ˳ʱ߹ٺֿɵãᾡѡ 
ҶЦ֣Ҳ١ңĸںεأᷢӡǷʲôҸղҲ˰ɣ 
ԪХǰűףһʱ֮侹Ǵ˺ðų̾һԼ¹ϣҶԹһз룬Ȼȴವط˵òᣬһ˵ 
ҶֻԼط·ԪХҶɲε鷿û㻳֮ģֻ˿ЩҽҶȴ˵Լ޴󰭣ЩϢԪХҲطҶչ˱ɡ 
ҶУԪХϴԡˣҶƿֻ˵ҪϢԪХҶǺǣֻ÷ſȻȥǰ̲סͷһƳŲ԰׵СϾһƽЩʲô 


ڴϾһҹҲģģ˯һᣬʱʹԻ⣬ȴǼ֮ҶǿԺЩʱɫ΢ճȥС֮ǰ 
վСǰһ룬ۻʱ֮·˳ųߵϷ˴ǰķ䣬һű㿪ˣһ֮ʱÿնڴɨŷڿյݻãҶ̲סӿڴǰ˺ð췽ֹסˮһٲҶѲ˵ֻҪٲԸһ֪ҹΪҲֻȥ޻ʲô뿪 
ҶǷٿ˼ͷվԺŲȻȴûٻͷ·;ʹѲ⣬ҲﰲĵöࣻҪȥĵط֪жԶ֮ǰɷϵ 


̵Сɽ£ǸýӰڲڣ㲻һ۶ãֻԶԶ˱ᰲȻϲʦĲЩˣԼػܸˣɻǿʵ֪һֱԼʱײĿġҶͻҲ뿪߰벽 




ʮ 
ʱƶգۼһ˲ݳݺɵʱڣϸǾɫˡ 
ԭˣЩȴȡ֮һΪȫһΪǧֵȫ̼ԭ̼ңܶȻ续ĽϣǧֵȴǶļ֮ͽɫ䱦һƫƫûȥ٣ڽһ۶δʧ磬ò֪˵˶Ȫ 
ʱǽĴüЦΪٵ˴ŮˡǰЩմһֻ̽Ůһۣһȴ˼ѰãòһԺǿ˳ 
ŮᣬͷҲδʲôΣǾɫòü̬ȴκ鱦ΪĿȻɫ԰֮ؼҲֳֻܼӶ֮ĵĿɲಡˣ 
һЦ˰죬ŷδ⿪ŮѨæﰲοָ⼲㣬µ˫ıŮ俴һ֮ͷһ֡ 
ǽжĴȻʲôŮԽĮԽܼɫ֮ģһֱ㽫޹ǵᱡƾֱŮǰ֮С 
ϧ˲ʱͺŴסŮǰҲ߯ƽ̹Щٶ£оԽԣɴһƿص¿ȴԭǸ˱ֻ꣬ŮװòҲίʵ̫Ư۾ۡ 
̬֮Ŀȼһڴ֮ɫߡԲԣ 
۲Уʮö޻ɣ֮ݺץס£ִļۣ֡ȴۻǰϻЩǳĺӡＤһĪ嶯ʹֻȴȣĵ͵һѹ˹ȥ 
һɫıͷٶǺֿδ˼ǣֻ˳Ӧǹȳ֣ǰδԹ֮ˣ˵һ޷ɫڻɡԣοָ֮ϷǳǸ޸ 
ʮʱ㾫ٰ㶺Ū֮ҲӦֻǽյ˫Ŀˮк׻ϲֻʹ 
괽ǵʵʲôֻ֣ҪңҶ㼫áϼһǺõöࣿ 
΢˫ȴ𻰣ֻ͵ĿԶһŭ֮ٲϧﳤֱ룬ĥ 
ˣδ´ҧóѪҲģӱǼٿƣйŷѻϢ΢ѩ׵ĴȼһƬǱ˵òᡣ 
òӢǰЩŮʱܻӭձҲɾʹֶί֣ȴ֪ʧȴƣ֮໹Щ⣬ʱĲ״°ҽΪβźá 
Ϊ޷죬½ڷڶԳ⣬һʱٳִˣǲҽȴ֪ˡ 
Ǵ类ŵɪɪһϢӸǻɢ˫ְüͷķȻóӣǿֻ»췦 
Щ秵ֻŴκ꣬亹ȴҲδͣ£±㽫ȵתԭɱڣµ֮ɱȫҽպ˵Ҫ°Ρ 
ҩߴȥץҩڷš˺ôһѻɵæǰæԲ֪ͶδҩʱҲû˵һ仰 


Ӵ˶аĶβһЦȡ鱦ϡҩʩ֮ĳȴǱʯӲ 
ҲʱڴڼʹȻֶΣ꼤ԣַٲҪСĺǻһղĳҪʲôб˵Ҫһ 
һ£һλӦϲ֮ٿŭҲʱɱң 
Цһ԰׵ϾɫˣΣ 
䵭Цݣֶ֮ȴ߷ȻĬ÷ͷãΪȥȡһ 


ҹʱ֣һʯĶ̽ǰ˽ڽд̣ԺҪԼ 
˱ı飬ǲ졢һģˡˣָҲˣ 
ġž綾ѪȾ͸İ£þܸž㻹ǡ϶ЦһЦ֪ʲô֡ 
Ŷֿ̽ʼᷢҡЦôˣǲǻûнȥֻҡֻȥ 
ֻҪһšͲߡԡͷҡҪЦûʧֵȻ㲻ӵİâǰһ̣뵽õ̽ʱЦһǱЦ 
ڿޡҪޡֻ֪֡ҡ±ӡ㡭 
֡ҶƺԶȥѾſ 
ҶҶ૵΢ڳŨܵҹɫžķз·ڻصĺҡ塣 
ѡҲɱ㡭Բ𡭡ѡֻȥûҪȥҲҪѽҺֻ֪ȥֻȥ 


ʮ 


ҶǵԼǸͣ˶ãֻɫɰˮѸ͸ȻǸӲ塣ůĻԱҲɲǰǼ˴ͬûбԼŮ·ûжԼϹŹֵ̾ߣǼҲй֡ǰ֪Ҳп֡ 


϶Ǹ˵ǲԼŵӣһֱֻҪǸͻߣ˵ɱˣ֪ԼɱǸˣǸˡĺʹʹǰ졭Լõ˻ԼõˣΪʲأá˶ûҪˡؿִˣܣȵþƣҲͣҶ㻹 


л˺ֻܶ࣬ʣһͷҶվǰѶ̽ſڡһƫƧǽԺǳοܾδ˫һʹƯƶմδ 


ƯǻɣֻԼ㣬ҶͷһᣬҪᣬȴǿ߳СԺ 


Ժһխ·ԥȥǰԶӦڣֻҪһһ뻳ƱֻӣɵóΪް㻶֮飿 


ãȻ˼ǣͣͣǺüʱ֮ᣬӶ˾һС̯Զ˼ѪۣɫŹ֡˽ϵĴƱҲҲ̯Ϊ鷳ûǮֻȥֱߵļƦȴʱᣬν޲Ʋ¶ۣ¶˱ùȺ˶δнʣò׼˸ĲȻ׼ǰˡ 


ҶˣǼȻһӵϣﻹʲᡰ㻹Ǯֻ·֮ڡ 


ʱкЩԿ֣ȴδһ˳ҶоֶͣĲ쾡УҼִǰγ̣۾Ȼ󣬺ͷֻ֮£ٽ̽˻Ѫȴȥ 


ȺݵİᾪǼ֮ŵýҶнն̽ӲϲŲ֮һƬ졣 


֮֮ܵǳţֻʣŨҵѪζŻܣ˾񡭡ɱˣɱˡʹƺʲᶫڴһһ£ʧȥվѪŻ֪ģһ춸оΪʲᶼ롢Ҳˡ 



ᣮȫ 


κڴߣһȥجε꣬κҲڴߵϣ˵ 


磬˵ 


ǲס֪ĸӹҽҿҩӲ߰㡭 


硭úʹ˵ˣ 


Ҷ˫ȴΪã촽˺ðŷɬ㡭Ķ 


κѻƽͣս֪Ҷûˣȫֻܺúס¡ 


κЦǰҶ㡭˵ĹȻҿˡ 


ǰŮЦˬʡ󷽣һ֮±׽ҶҲ΢΢һЦת˲ȴǰ֮£תͷʵκ磬ˣҡǲɱ 


κЦֻˣԼС˹ȥձ¡ոӶ 


κ³һҪڣɫֶҶ˵ҶȥóԵ 


ʵҶ˵˵ʱѱ·ȫȴһϳ棬ԻӴѹס˰ҪȻҶ֮СҶǻԲѣʹ˯Ϊƾܡ԰²֮ʱƼˣ֮ݣϧŭֱ޲ð֮˴ҡҶͬ۵ƫƫϲô˵޳֣޸ɣȴ̲µġ 


һƦԭ㲻ʲᣬֻҶ𣬲˵СƭģҲ˹ȥѵҶ֮κãɼʱʱʱǺߣ˵һң֪˸Ҷ˺Щϡҩȴֹʣδ֢ĽӹҽѪͷٺкã 


Ψһ֮ƣҲֻܺϡϸ㣬Щ㣬ǴУµáҩʯЧ˴ʹȻֻҶҪʲᶫ뾡źá 


κ¿ɫѹ֮Ҳǿ΢ЦȰ磬Ǳȥ棬һ·ϷþҽҲδβáҲύ˼ҽѣȥ 


κ̧ͷЦǼҲʶãٲҰףһʱҵõֵںδҿɲ֪ 


˵ͻȻһ㶣ʲἫΪҪüͷҲһ£ֵܵ¡ 


һƬɺ죬Ťͷʵ硭Ҫ˵ʲ᣿ 


ԥ˺ð죬̾Ϣˣû¡ֵܾͿЩȥɣҶչ˱áֵܣҶصġ 


ϲģ磬վȥ磬ҶʦֵҲкܾû˰ɣ˵СҶʦֱõÿЩ 


λ༱١һǳɣԴҪ˵ȴ֪˵óڣҲֻöеЦ˵ͷ 




ʮġ 


ڶһ磬±ȥ֮ʵڲԶڼءҲҪֻۣг̣³ҲȡЦ֪֣˼ɳ»ԼһңһŮŤŤ 


СտҶȴԥȵҶЩҲţֻ뽫ĽҶ 


һ·Դα羰ʤ̸ֹ伫ᣬþ˼˵ЩȤЦ򿪵ĲҩҲЯհ塣Ҷ֪Դãȴʼղܾչգֻһɰ˵Լٿڡ 


һ԰ң뵱귶ʩȻ飬ɷˡҶ˵ѻȴͻȻü죺ǸҲδشʩܺáֿ͸ˣԼ˽ɡ 


ݸһЦȥǡ 


Ҷһ죬дֱŭӣ 
˻ֻ˵ðȴɫ΢䣺ӡҲܺˡ 


һסְοԲסԴḡˡɱȥ 


Ҷǿ֮΢ЦȴϵĴ˹ȥϣ֮ʾ֭ʲЦδ˵ 


ҶָĿԶϻĦ涣ֻʱɫͻһ䣬תͷϸϸִ֮ϾǳǳЦ⣬βеĿЦݡд棬Ҳչȥϸ̽ббС֣һһŮ֮һǡġ͵Ҷϣȥ˻п̹˼ͷһȴ֪οڡ 


κ磬֪ĶԲԣҺҪˡҶƽȫ˵ԼҺҲ֪Բԣֻȥ߰ɡ 


һΣȴҲҶװ˵˳ҲȻѺĳҶֵлԼ 


ҶؼϢһϣϰ췽΢ЦҪ֪͵˳ɻֻ͡ƾ⸱ӡҲ֮ġ 


кʹϧٿҶʱЦݣֻýƿſɼЩδӡ£Ҳһ桭˵ڰУҪȥҶԼɡ 


κ磬һ¿ɺã 


š 


Ҷһ㶣΢Цκ硭ǸˣǺ±ӦҡġֻҵĲˣ˵˵Ѿˡ 


ΪΣҶȴգգۣ˲ظ鶯̬֮κ粻õģҲһҪ½ɻأӦҺòãֻһ¡ 


Ծþ飬ֻõͷӦҶֻϧҶΪӣкãվһ޹Եǧǧ֮ˣ㶼ң⡢ֶլΪΨӼΪ˲? 




صȫУѵȴգҶʧ̬֮Ϳʦ֡ 


Ҷ˺ðΣϲǰ˱Ҷµһ۲ξѣҶЩ 


ҶֳֻЩòޱ仯ǵˣֻѻ¡˿ƣȴԻش𣺡޴󰭣Ѿõòˣͷʦַġ 


˵˴һ٣չ¶һЦ⣺ʦ֣ǿǺ䣬ҡҺøˡ 


ߺ쵫δףֻתͷ͵͵һۣȴǲ顢ŨüҶΪ˽뿪ҶҶ̵нˣɼɷеʦֵʦ塣ǰʦɽѰδӻƬֻ֣ҶΪ˼ҵүԺΪ 


ҶĬѵ⣬оϲҲֱܽίŽ͵Ҳ̬֮Աҹ˵֮ƺᣬ˵ʦܡҲˣֱֻѵݡ 


һ˼״㶼̣Ҷ˵䣬ò׷ҶвһסڣҶȴ̧ͷעĿˣ԰׵ɫҲһϣ˼ңҴƿĿ㵽ȥ˺δ 


ҶѰ˼ֻ̣Ӧ𣬵˽뿪·Ͻύ˼ѴԼ©ٳĻѻȴҲƭֻκΪ̾Ϣ 


˵գü˵䣬һһ֮粵˳ˣҲȥ˵𽭺еȤšκôʱв廰֮أһһĽ 


̸֮ҶŮӣκԡɫŹ֣κ۹֮ǻȥȴĿбӶ΢࣬Ҷһ룬ͷѾˣֻŮСٹ귽ɵס 


κתδֻĬĬҶݣֱֱҶĿ֮ƻϲ꣬÷Žͷϴ˵ͺá 

ʮ塢 


ʱЯΣȻҶЩԻúˬÿÿǰͷҶ䲻࣬һ˫۾ȴӰһֱܿˡ 
ⷬ۵ףһտͷѰ˸ʱסҶȰοͲڰ˵˼ף˲һӹǡȰ⣬ҶʼղӦĥѸʱߣ̾һȻ뿪ֻǲʵĻعͷ 
ҶǺοࣿӣҲǺжαֵֻһˣ 
ҶͷȥȴֻץʹƭҺҩݺݵҡҡˡ˶Ůһ㣬Ҳϲ 
˰Σ˵Сʱ£ܵ棿䵭֮ҿ᲻áҡ 
ҶҡͷЦκ磬ֻȴǰĽ֮顭Ҫ̸ЦȻпɣҪǻ֮¡ 
δ˵꼴ԺȻϣ֮óҡҿɸǸ˲һ 
Ҷ΢΢һ㶣ֱֱԣ֪ˣ 
Բ̿ɫֻתͷҲ˵ġ˭ֻҪ˵֣Ҷ 
Ҷһȴ¶Цݣ֪мֿɬȻκ磬лл㡭ʵǸ˶Һܺã㲻׵ġ㲻Ҷ硭κ磬ϧذҶȴĿ̹ǵķ⣬ǲһġһġҴǰȴЩһĦʱʱ˼ǡǸȻҡңֻΪһЦ㣬ѵˣԶҺãҡ𣿡 
һҪʧȴԴǣ鼱һȥҶҲѣĴֱݣ·𻹴ŸղŵЦ⡣ 
еϸ䴦ǰ޶֮Сֻж⸱֮Ҷ˫ۻر米촽ȴƿκ磬ҵĺáҺǸм㲻ˣһȥɡһġ 
оֱ¶ЦſҶ˵㡭ҶԺҪأֵĺù 
Ҷ˵ͷͻЦκ磬ɲ׼׼½㣬ء 
ԲݸЦ֮ȴѹ̲סҶͷֻ̾ϧӣ򡭡򡭡 
Ҷɫ΢ͣЦҲ֮ǰֻϧӣ˶ݲõġʦ˵ȻǸ˾ΪҲҲẦ磬ֻҪصӢۣ½߸˵ĳɻ飬֪ʱ仹 
һˣȴŭ죡ٲ׼˵ֻӻõġҽ֪Ҫκ㻹𣿡 
ҶͷٲĻĵ׷ԼԼ᲻֪⼸Ĵô࣬ʲôӣһһˡ 


˺󲻹죬øǣҶʦִض̵ȥʱԽ˺Щҩ֣֮սԲɴ©ܺҪʱʱעչҶٷ˷ǴһһӦˣ޶໰ԵȴΪŹ֣ҲתҶϸϸֱ˺ðŷ뿪 
ڼ˵ĻȻ٣Ҳδʧ֮űŭ䡣ȫڣԼĿ˽ԶԿͷɬѡ¿ɻĻϲҸεºܵô˶ֿأҶ޶֪࣬ 


·飬ҶпޱȣֻӹЩЩʱȴʵš 
ʮҴҶÿÿҹҩϰ߲ҩ֮࣬ǰȴ̲סü˾ٵǿΪֻ֮Уʱշ·صϦ˵͡ 
ҩ֮ʱҲǹȥֶΣȰֻԼȺһٵߣһ֪ҩζ֮£ݱ㲻֪롣 
ʱֻһȥٲɵãһ˵гѽշתࡣ˼ãǽϱ˿ȥڴϾһҹ͸ȴһ˲ע飬ҹҹ 
峿ɻȥǲɶտʱԲǸТĶӣ֪Ϊġֻǣٱ࿴ۣԺҲԡ 
ˡԸҲļգǧ򲻿ǣһֻ¾ҰɣҶռ̫á±Ҳ㣬±ӡǸ˵ģϧҲ֪֡ǺǣҪɣһڵˡʲôطҵҵġ磬ҡԭһˡɺΪʲôأҲֱҲǴʲôʱ򡭡ʼҵġ˵Ҫһһ 




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ڶ峿ճ֮ʱȥڽҶ𴲣ҩǰ˶С˵λΪƫƧԲʮֻôһªС꣬ȴ֪ҶҹЪϢÿɺãſڻʮ£Ϣһƿֱ˽ȥ 
ŵȷʵҶֻ˫Ŀաɫ죬Ϣȼǳȴδʲôͷ֮һƬȣҹ˷纮ٿֻ£Ӳ֪ʱ̵һߡ 
ŭּһʱ֮侹޴룬СϴˮæҶԶҶ룬̱Ҷ˹ 
˿ٶѵⶼѹԺҶҪȥҴСסүĴҲʮ⣬ֻλСӾõ 
Ҷ΢Ҳ첻Ŀ˵硭ҡһ¡ 
һѰ˼ֻðҶСķڴϣСΪչˣ֮˴ڷλԼ춨ϻء򶨣亹һżټۣ߷Խʱ֦ҶйֱۣȴǺ 
һһأǰ󲻹ʱϻҶʱкüչˣڵסҲæ˼ҩææңҩһҶȶˣϢǼٲѣ˵źָ֮ק 
Ҷϸģģƺ֣ڴϵסͿЦŵλССҪȥҲ鲻 
ͷ˵лٰѴ򿪵ҩСϣǰҶ˫ԼСҶУ۾˿βĽһǰݡ 
һ죬ڴǰδ뿪ҶزиҩȥҶ˼δ󺹣ż¶Цݣ٣ȴμǴ֮£ιˮʱʱֻܹصļ䣬ҶѿɺȽһϡ࣬ɫҲÿ࣬ƽ˯ȥڱǼ 
Ҷ˯ûʱƣ۲˼Ҳٲ֧ţϢƬֻ̣ռ·̫һ˯ȴǺüʱ 
ǲ֪ҹҶﲻܾã֪ҶջĦ涣һϲ־ڴ˿ֻ̣ʹȥ᲻ãʱɺգ 


˺ż죬˶粽룬Сϣ䵹һҶҲδ໰ֻǳעĿ۹лޣؿʱȴֱܿ 
ҹͬ˯һҶҲʱб֮ƽߡ˽֣֪Ҷݵεȵز˫ۼѲһգǰ߹ѵ΢΢ۣ˯ŵСȴǰȻ·˳Ⱦһ統ʱҰе˯ֻգۼԽ£ҲǸİ˶һ˯С 
ɽϵҰֿˣɽΪҪҶأƵһַ֮Ѳ 
ԭιȫħ𣬿ϵҰһŭŲֹҶˣԼˣչһһǸδıŮӣֻչôաݣΪ˼˼ٲǸѪıӡ֮һʣֻǴ˿̻лδԼʱԼֻʣǵá١١١Ȼǵá 
㡢ڡҶĻĵ׶ٴη׽˸֣ÿһͬһƣοҶеĴ˿̡ҹҲȴֻʹĥİˣõķһ仰ÿÿҹǰ˸˵ֱ֪޾ľΪҪǵãҶһ˾ͺãټ˹ԼҲɺܻУȴҶ㡢ڣẶһһģǲǵˣʲôСʲôûе 
ҲáҶ볤ˣƽϲ֣ɼҵҶվãŮ˼һôС˶ʦʮһʦؾɻԼһǰȥءأ˼˴ЦٵﵱЦʹȴˡǸ޳ų򣬾ԼǰҲ˵ѻ 


շתʱ˯⣬Ҷ˯úСŲֱۡŴۡ˫Դ˳ȥ 
Ҷҹдϰߣҹ£ҹֱƽľһ˷Ч 
⼸ֱ䷳꣬ҶĲȴҳţҹҶкãȻҪ͵͵һֻռʧ̬ 
˫ԽʹԽ죬ȴ泩֮У᲻֪ʮ 
⼫ʢֱԵģߣȫٹ죬¹¾Ӱ 
ֻһбͻȻʧֻ֣¶⣬֦Ҷ׹䲻٣ҹһĴѩ÷Žȡ˳ʩṦϻؿջ 


΢Դ촳ᷭ˽վڴ߿ų˯źڸȥһȵˮۿ򻺻ȴǲۼת˲ɡ 



ʮߡ 
 
Сжġ죬ҶӺ࣬˵Ҫ·ϲʮٳʦϲϲֻеΪرգδɡҶȫ飬ʰװǣţ˺һ̤г̡ 
ҲܴϹźĴձα˫֮䣬ʱѯвʡͷʱⲻ˶ĥҶ಻鶯ͳĺ֮õȫѣӲ˵龳ͬԸܡ 
˹Ź֣Ϊأʱ쿴ԼеҶȴɬ۱յʮָקǰ½˵úܣû¡ֻЩȡ 
ͳɳƣȫƽͣ֪ΪҲҶ˵ͷȴĵȥȶȶ޺СԽԽҪϣҶյ˫Ҳ֪ʱݣâҫۡ糿ǡ 
䣬һӭ洵ͻȻ˸䣬ӶݵоѡҶææתͷֱֻ۾Īеһ˲ʧøɸɾ 
ֻһ㣬վǲһ㣬½Ļһ˳һԶԼֻʦܡ̰ĵҶѾΪżôСĵչ㡢ȵı㣬ĹˣΪʲôҪأ׼˼룬׼ٹ硭Щ˶˵Ĺ˱ûӵù׼ֶĵİ취ϣһֱҲҪ֪Щ£Ҫͬ顢ҪҲ׼ǰޡֻ׼ЦôЦһ̡ΪҶѾˡ 

֮·̣˶ҹ糣ͶסޣֻҶٲͬסһ䵣Ҳֻסڣʵʱδۣʱʱڷ쳣£Ϊ̬ȻˣǧԼͻٶǵҶ£ͬϢ 
ǸŮӣԼҲһһϲֻйһԺҲֻһ֮ˣλٰˣҳȴǺһӡʵȫԼ˽ԼӦɱȣֻǵʱݲؾʦԶû˼ǰˣһ嶯ӦȴպڡԼǸαӡٵѧڽװһϳɳص˶Ӣۡؽֻ֪ӡ԰Σǻ˵׵ʦ֪ݡĶҶֻ˵Ҷʦ۱Լ͸ģȴûʦ׹䡭·ľСŻԻ޳ܡʼҶֻҪ˵ЩϵԼ粵ƫƫҶʲôû˵ʦиʦ壬³Ӧд˱ԼҶ˵ЩʵĵʵʱʱҶгһջ𡭡ôһ죬³ĸԸ˭֪˭֪ҶôͶ޺ްĵ˱ˡҶ΢ЦܿҲȴǰϲǲΪԼֻϲ˰ͷĶʼ˿ɱɣȴôСˣٵ˾㣬㻹˶㡰Ľ־绨ʦʦô۰㡢ʦʦô㡢δӴõֿѱ鲼㻹 
ҹʹ˻ڷδκδ죬ſҶĺʱʱʱʱأҲҶ˯òãجλԼҹ䲻죿ҶҶҲҪңȻӲ䵫Ȼʹ 
۷·ȥһ̣ʲôǵãʧȴֻʣˮ޾Ļţҵ֣˵һ̣һԼ˵ڽҵ֣˯ŵƽҺüθǰϸ޶˶˵ĵѲ֪һЦңԼҲ߲ѿЦǣʹ۲ٿҵһ̣ϢҲ͸ǰһжڰʱδҹɫҶտůһҲȲء 
˸£ų̲ʮٳǰһաҶбɸ׽ӻأɽһȻʧɫطϸϸ 
лңЩܣʦ״ζײҼġΥοʦǸлԼݵ¡ 
ɽôԣɫֻϢĪۻ塣ʦİ׷Ǹ⣬ǰ͵ͽʦɽһЦʦͽʱ໥Ȼ 
һҶ븸Ǽѣڸ׻̲סϲᣬίȴɸ֮ܿջֺұཫ 
ñطꡢ鼤̲סһȣ̵о֮ɫԶ֮·ҪɽȥҶסӲǲϣֻ˵ŵĲҩɡԶе񼣬ȴ޿κΣֻҶ˽˵ 
ԹɺҩҶŸҪ߱ˣˡԶͷοȴһסҶûĵ⣬ķ뾹ǰЧҲޡԭΪǶʱԩѵעҶ 





ʮˡ 


ڶһҶҩ࣬ȥɽʦòɲ֪ʦӻ 
ɽɫǰƣǿƺԴЩʦһֻͷӶøˡҶ΢ЦŽʦҲɵɵĶЦðŴһͷĵ˵Ȼⲻ壬ϻϲ֮ɫȴסҶ˵˻Ự㽫ǰѶ̽ó׼Ҷդȥ롣ҲɵҶΣһ˫۾ĴǶԴ־ٶʮֺ档 
֮ҶǰŹ⻬ף͡һЦʱĴʦӢ红ͯɷȤЦÿģҲֿŴЦʱмֻɹϰ֮Ӳֻ֣ЦҶǰҶ֪붺ԼˣСĽ˹ȴֻƬ̾ͷŷɳȥ 
ͷ죬ҶǳЦࣺһԶڵÿʦҵòá 
ͷһҲ֪ףһ˫Ҷ䣺СҶӡСҶӣ˵ 
˴ʦܾãҶҲ࣬ЩЦݶĵףһɨĿ뿪ɽ֮ǰȻЦŸߴʦСҶϲ磬ҲһԺÿ춼㣬Ҫ˵Ŷ׼ҡ 
 
ʦҶŵǰ磬Զ쵽λѲʦֵǰٲһҶ˵Цۣλʦֵܵ㲡ʤ£ǳЦȴףʥ֮У֮ĽԴͬϸΨͻð 
λ֮ԣֻ˵ͷҲ΢΢ͷʾ⣬ɫȡȫޱ仯Զһȥ鶼в֪˻ѹŶΪ࣬ĶˣȴǲܰһæԼʵòá֪նʦͽʦ˼¹ҲӦáֻҪҶÿЩ׵ĵʲôóлԼԼҲǳˡҶ̵дѪϲ˵ȴ͸ǰҽ˵Ҷ֮꣬տѽӦ飬ʲôˣֻŶӹһһ죬ӽ󡭡ٲţԸҶܺһЩ 
µĶʳ಻Ǻ٣һƬЦһƬҲϲã˺üˮƺˣҪͻȻһ֮ߣȴ֮ȫѹȥֻ˵֣ڵÿ˶ʦ 
һ㶣վһֵȥ˾΢΢ķһ˫軨ȴĶǷ촽ã˵һ仰㡭ʦ 
ЦڶҲ˵˵ǰһӰУһȫڣһۡȺеʱ𾪺֮ȴһԾ𣬵ǰʣ 
Ǻһ㵣һЦУ֪ΪΣĵӶֻ࣬Цʴǣ̬ԱһŨü۹ǳȴ΢֮⣺Ƴʿɶֹ 
Ǻתͷ˿΢΢һ죬һĨɬüűȻǰǰȥҲࡣһ㶣ֻÿʦʦһӣ˿һԡ 
Ծ䣬һ춯֣ȫһ书ʵڹĪ⣬ֻǴ˼ʲ֪ǵСǰ˴̵ֶţ书ߡֶ֪ǵ걻ʦŵʦƳصдֻΪʦոĹ֮ޣѱˣȴʲô 
Ƴ˫֮ˣаŹ򣬵ƫƫľã䣬д˫ȭգѺʪһƬо֮ƴȴ˶ƳȰ 
Ƴ˵ɣ㲻Ǻ𣿡 
Ƴһнʪ󣬶˶΢Цڣʦʮ١ФͽƳףףꡢꡣ 
ҲԴɵ̬֮˺ðŻһ䣺Ƴ㡭Щÿɺã 
Դ𻰣ΪǰƳܺã 
ȻˣͻȻ䣬ʱϴϷܵ˴񡭡 
ȴסŲ֮٣ǰƳͬޣʦʦƴǣҾҡ 
ŸȻҲڶ֮Ź֡ʹɫ˵ҴڨЦ 
Ƴһ죬ȴ֮ǰһʦҸⱲҲֿҪˣ 
תɫΡѿȻϲֻǳ̾һ¶΢΢Цݣ˵˵ 
˴֮·׷˽ϱ˹Ź֮ȴһֱֱƳǰʣ 
Ƴˣ㣬ΪɷҲûǹ㣬㡭ΪҪİˣ 

ʮš 
 
̸ۣƳͰҲڵ˲ԼͬݣǸ꣬˶δ 
ƳŰʻԶȴǼס꣬һһȰͬЩס뿪Ƴò˼ɫȴز˽ꡰҶ죺ʶ 
ҡͷЦеϵãϵ㣬ΪǸʦֱƽš 
ǰܣҶ̲ס£ڸ֮ۼֱֳ÷ֻƳ˽ңµ̯ȫʦͽʰ 
ҶҪϣԶֻõѨ⣬һͷֻͣӲͷƤˣʦ˼оϣҼԺȱǡȻ˵˵û˵˵Ҳֵñ߳ԾƲ˱߽ͷӶҲ²⡣ 
һصϣɽȴΪζҶţǿס͵ʦǵʦ֪˾кβף 
ɽĿѲβŲ䲻ȵءšһ֮ԣʦͽ̵ĺڸﶼšƹѲɽͻȻ˵ɱ췢ģӽЩҪӾú 
Цһʦûÿһֶǵ 
 
úһ۾ʹ˲֮ºҲʦʦǰ𣬵ߴ˽¾ۼʱȴǸ˵ĭɽ 
Ƴ̸˺ܾãޣǰźÿģʲôҲƽˣҶֹ֮ȥǸƳȥʦ˵ʲôʦÿƳʲôģ˵ġƫƫôȰȰҶʦҲû취´̼ҶŪɲ˵šġ۾⣬ࡢϢ˾׵Ļ⣬ۼƳϰ죬ҲǲܷŹ 
ҶȥƳԶҲȥƳͬʱ˽кãƳȻƽϣҶ¡ 
̸е֪ҶزƳϧУҶЩˣòʶʺս¡ȥѾã޴ˣЩδҵҶòӡյһòü䲻֪ǺεȴҲӣҶδϰ䲻ʲôԼǴͷز鷳ҲδҩΣ֮бһνĸҽֻסΪƫƧΣҲŹ֮ҪԴȥſɡ 
˼˺üգ˵ˣȻ飬ֻ˵Ҫͽ丸ͬźáƳԶ˵⣬ԶȴǴϲ޲¹л˵ֻҪܾȻζáЩ˽º鶼ҶƳÿμ΢ЦŭĥӲ̬ʯĳĸҲ֪ٻˡ 
ֱĳҶƳһλӦΪζԶη˹ġ 
ҶĵҿΪո㣬Ҳ˳ˣΪϿһۣѶ飬ΪҪǣұǣ 
ƳһЦ΢㼸ˣǹȥ֪ʲôд³ӦáΪкǷ֮ʲôɣڿ˵ңȥѵӼۻ౳£ЩʦֵڱûƲ㣿Ǹʦ 
λ˵ֿ죬ȴĺƫ֮⣬ҶƳðŵʵ㹦ܺöԲԣ 
Ƴ΢֮һʱ޻Ҷֽſڵ㹦ôãϲ㣬㻹в˵ʱΪǶڱ˵ǵĲǡ 
Ƴɫһüۼ両ŭƫô࣬˵ұˣֻ˰졭 
ҶȻЦ㹦ٸҲ²֮ڣۻ౳¡Ҳۻ౳֮ˣҿûʲôͬʦҲǰЦôã㿴ȥҲ𣿡 
ƳһעĿҵݣ㡭Ҳǣ֪֪ 
Ҷͷҡͷǰ֪ڲ֪Ҳģʦ壬ɱ˵СȥʦĺܿǸˡ 
Ƴ̾Ϣһḧļ米ôΣǸӡֻδңºҶίʵ޳ܣ㾹˵ǸˣҶ̫Сˣܶ¶ס 
Ҷ̧ͷ΢Цһ˫۾ǳףֻ˻һ׾Թ϶֮Թ鳾ԡǺǴҶ⣬ֻҪܿƽϲҾ޻ԹҲⱲϲһʦ壬벻𣿡 
Ƴһо˼֮˵ֻ˾СӣҶ׾Щ·˼ǣʱԼԴʦҲ룬ȴվ޻ԹǶγʱȾѪ⣬ȥƳҲˣǰԼ»Ҷ˵ǱϲʦһţԼԸΪǸԼģҲǣ 
ҶȻһΪϵǸ޻Թӣֺγһֻϲ 
˼˴ƳͷЩ΢ЦӦеû벻Ҷȥ֮ңкҪĻ˵ԹԵĵҡ 
Ҷʱģллʦ壡ĶҲȥ 




ʮ 
ɽʯ֮Уһ˿դ߰ԼҾĳ鿴ȴޱϤ 
һϮĵƮ̧ͷƬ֮俪ʼ죬·ҪУĳвãȻΪޣɳޱ壬⼫˵ķӦӱһֱӵ壬ֻܲϵġҵɪɪ 
Ƴֹֻ֪ʦ֡ĺȴ˸ҵĺ㰲˾Ȼƴ˻һһҲɽ֮СҽеĻֱʯڶŲУԶܵŵСǷ׷ҷɡ 
ƳЦžɽ˵ĽҲѹ͵ʦ֡㲻£Ҳٶʱ찡ǶѾˣ㻹ûǰ⼸һֱʦɼֺܡ˺ܶ࣬ǴβͲϵôɣ㵹áûʲô仯ǰģأСʱˡ˵ˣֻǵҵ֣ĺܳԾǰٽҵֻ֣ҡʦܡ졭ʦ֣ʵҲûǡЩһһǵõģԡһֱ㣬Ϊһ֮λҡԶʦ֡޹Ǹˡǣ˳֮һǲģΪȥ˵¾ͲٻͷҶⲻٻʦֲٻѾһˡûа죬һҲκλϲ׼ñ˳ȥѰǰҡһ񣬵һǼҲ𣬾ŪҲԸԭ㡭ļӣе㲻ʦʱһʦ羴ϲˣȴôҡʦҲңûʦܣұеǾˡ书ôߣߵҲֻаһҶ˵ڱһģҲáҲáҲã֮ˡû뵽ǿ͸ҡ˵ǸˣܺǲǣҲܺãһСʦֶǰĸһ㡭ʦֻ֣㣬˳˵˵ȥĲˡȻ֪ûȥ˵Щ㰲ࡣԺҲҪչԼǺ˼롭 
һ˵ô࣬ƳһֱŵЦݣв֪ʱڰһ˫۾͵͵̽ 
Ƴ˵Щлֱͣ٣Ĭκƾ˵ĻѾ˵꣬ǰ㻺 
׼뿪ʱһɴקס½󣬻ͷһȴǶηǱ˫ãȻ˻Ƹɬͬ˵СޣƳߡƳҡ˵ 
ƳԼΪ֮ݣӿһȻᣬҲֻ˸ɾ֣˵һ䣺Լء 
 
૽ֵĺ˦ǰİӰ΢΢ףȵЦȫǰݣ֪ΪۿʪȥİԹȥİһ·ͷű˴ֱ 
ůĻһ統츧ʵôˣ 
Ƴס̧ͷоӨˮ·ҫ۹󣺡졭ȥһˣȥûС 
Ц䵭ȴס˫֣ƳҺøˡڷˡ 
ƳɬһЦüϤɢȥ͵͵˵¡Σҿѵô󷽣Ҫôлң 
˫üһЦͻŹ֣ս˵һ仰䣬Ƴһſ澹Ⱦ֮Һ죬ǴЦȴݺݵŰ죬˭Ҳֲϲŭ 
̲סЦ˳ƽȵ˫ӡȥƳܣ֪Ľһģ˵컳У˾ӰԽԽڱǼϢҲճﻹпп˵ 
˵ȷֻģΪ֤ȴʤ˼ɱӶᡣ 
 
ҶƳڵòż߻Ǹϰ죬ˣҶһ۱㿴˳ 
ҶЩڣæͷȥƳֻ̬֮԰΢Цòʺ£ûǵҲмء֪ǲʲôݣ 
Ҷͷˮֻһ˫ۿƳƳ֣о統ǰɸ廳飺ʦѣѪΪ˾棬ȴûܱҶԸͶ³²ԵһഫҲΪһ¡ 
Ҷէֻ֮пЦҲɵġСϰ䣬ǱŵĴǳҲ 
ƳһЦ⵹ãٲҲа취ġǲǣ 
仰ƳƫͷŰ˵ģ̾Ϣʼ΢Ц㿪˿ڣҲӣ 
Ҷϸֻؿʦ壬˵˵ҵĲκã 
ִƬ̷üĲǼֻ֣ҪҲأӵ󣬸Ǵ⡭ƳһȥҪס£ô룿 
ҶһءǴ⡱ҲأƳɫ죬ﰲοµģǼдıҪ㵽ף㸸ҲѾӦˣվ͸߰ɡʱβɺã 
Ҫͷ飬ҶȴĿڣллʦ塭Ҷ뿪˵ء 






ʮһ 
ƳһۣжǴ󲻽⣬˫˫׷ҶΪΡ 
Ҷ˼ΣƳƽڣʦ壬ƭңȥⲡһκԼԼ֪Ѿ˶ãڸ·;Ҳδ֪ĺܺã뿪벽 
Ƴ飬ĵװҶ֮˿ǱŵӣأӦһӺѵ˸ıңд֮ 
Ҷҡͷϸε΢Цʦ壬ҿûʲô֮ֻǲһã·ʮлϲֶһҪ׵׿˵ϲ 
Ҷ˵ƳͷһƳСʵҶ˿֪㲡飿֪֪˷⣿ 
Ҷ΢Ц֪Ҳ飬ҪΪҵѹ֪⣬㲻ܰĳס̫ŽҵĻģ˺ܾöáʦ壬һ㴦ϴֻ 
Ƴתͷ˰һۣδڣȴװסôһգԼ˵ҲҶΪ۹⣬üͷһ壺Ƴ׼˼룡 
Զ٣ֶҶ뷨ںεأ㣬ģһΪȫֵã㣬ΪǴģԼ˾ٵǴش 
ҶһͷֻʦܣҲܺãԼŲͿҪˣƯĳֺáһʱҺܿġҲģǿĶһ㡭Ҫ뿪ް㻶ϲʦ壬ԲסҲܸߣһǡ᲻ؿκҵĲҲҪôÿϴֻһұ˺öΣһҲٺڣ۵ʱա 
ֻôҡͷҲࣺ㸸ںεأôˣĵ˶㲢鰮Ǻοࣿ 
Ҷ΢΢ˮ߳ۿ֪ǸТӣСûúĻǡѲǱԼ뿪˵أҶںһգʱҲһġƭѶ飬ȴΨƭҶĿ̹ǡ԰ΡǻҪҰǰȥ⸱ǧٻضҲֱһһлϲο㣬˴˵أʲôطȥǲȰˡ 
˵漸䣬ԽԽߣϱʮּͻȻ֮ɫɰױ졢ٱϣĵȥ 
Ƴһæӣ˫ĿաϢ٣ҲΪ졢Ȳͨҽæӷڴϲԣ˫ãһС㽫ѡ֮ƽ࣬ϸֻǺ䲻ϿԣжѪ˿Ƴ޼ƿʩȻͷӦ 
ԶҩȴʱҲҶҩƳУͷһĻҶģҶβãֻǿЦݹԹԺҩӲ̬֮жĪκΡ 
ƳԶ˵˷֮£Զֻ༸̾˫ˮ⣺Ҷʦ⣬ҡҲΪЩʲôΨÿ˵˵ 
Ƴο䣬֪ѳɶ֣ӴûֻһƿҩѩƣҶΣʱɷη¡ֻҪӱ޸ܶҵǶˣ˵ɱסһպȥѰ֮ 
ҶŲԷи˳ΪУȴֻһɽͷǰһԱӰнԶƻ￴ʫ续˺ð죬ĵ׻ϲɬ֮ϲϾӿԳأԱ˲ 
 
Ƴȥ֮ɽϵ糣ȹӲһ֪ǸħͷҶΪͽ֮ 
ҶǾȥɽŴʦķ֢֮Ǻ࣬ÿÿһ˳￴ԶҶߵ֮Ц죬˵ĻҲǰǰȫʱҶ硱Ҷһչ΢Цǰһɽ渶̸ 
糣ɽÿζܿͻˡΪҴҩأøˡң˵˺ܶȤ¸Ǻǡ˵ӾЩҲܿġʲôʱȥñҵļҸ˵ߡе㲻ˡΪʲôأʦ˵ʱͻףڶʮ³ˡǸӰʦ㿴ϵҶïʢʱ򣬿ǵͻ⡭ǺܿġΪïʢҲܿġÿλңιҺҩáҴûôĹ 
ʱʢģҶȷʵЩֻҪŴϸĵٸҲżмӾ֮ʱҶһɽطֻɸչˣҲýȥ˲ˡ 
ĳҶֹ˷ӼͻȻһλʦͨ˵ǵҶҶڴϷø׸Щ˻ȥȴڷ֡ 
һ֮£ҶӾ𣬺ðŶԸ׵͵Ϳڣſڱɧҡ 
Զȥһſվһδı棬Լ˫Ŀ⾼Լϣомֵ⡣Զò֣ߺˣֻҶҵһʹӣȴȻǳˡҶȥʱ¶ϲɫ߽УҲ࿴Զһˡ 
֮˵Щʲôȷʱ˱ɫѿԶҪڣѶʩһͳƣƺΪѹԶֺúչҡҶҽûˡǡ 
˵꼴ߣ޻ͷԶȥıӰһ˲˼ꡣԶܽֱŵüȥҶ˫ڷȴһѾãĿĶ̽ѩ׵ľһʺ죬Լ֡ϸ쿴޴󰭣˿ΪϸСԶΪʱ̲ס־ֻǲ̳ԿҶ 
Ҷ˵ǣֻ˽˵Լ᲻뿪ߣˣƣҶ´ӴġԶлȴҲ޽ͣ벻ԵɡʵҶС̷ԪХ˴ζǰ޷˵˺ЩʲôҶҹ롢跹˼ֻҪȥ㵽ҽΪҶ˵ÿڸ಻ԼٴɫһȻԽᾱ֮޷ţѾԪХⱲӶ뿪̵šʣֻ࣬úô֮ء 


ʮ[ƪ+] 


ʱţתۼ 
޳ҶԴһ˷þòÿ֮⣬̲סɣһǿ롣 
˷вžģŵ˾ԶһԣҶȴſ˵ʦ֣㡭ôˡҲ㡭 
ĬãֻӲϷ䣬ԼҶ鼸ʱ˫಻һ飬ḧɫҰ׵˵ 
Ҷ΢ۣ浣̬֮һϲһ飬ȴһЦݣû¡ֻǡȾ纮ˡʵ 
ԶٿֻôЦ˵ǰҶûʲô󰭣ٳԼҩûˡ 
ԿԼҲģȻʦ嶼˵ˣҲͰͻֻӹԶҩһٵҶߡ 
ҶǳǳһЦɫĿԹԺֿȵҩ˫Цһֱδʣһʱ侹ҲҪƿĿ⣬ȴã˾ʹԣΨб˴۲תԶ֪ʱ뿪䣬Ҳδֱʧִϵҩһֽ̬֮ 
һعЩл˵ʲôҶǺЦʵΪβѣԼ֮⣬Цﾹϼֽܣ׵աұ㿪ˣԺҾͰȥҲҪҵˡҲȥóס 
㶿һͷӦʱ򡭡ȥ㡣 

ӣҶø׷ȥɽ̽ʦҲ࣬Ҷᣬ·֪ʲôһ㡣Ҷȴᣬֻɫƽĸ˵ʱվǿŴϵĿ̺ۣŪ֮б۲Բ΢Ц鰲ȻԵǳټؼֻһˡԶŶ飬о֪Ǳϲ˪Ҳ¶飬ȥ֮ǰʱԼģ˪ȴ˵ܸˡֱǵ˪һ̵Цݣо֮㲡һڵҶҲһòƷˡĸӶӦǿĸˣΪԼܣһαʹһȴҪۼڶΡҶִΨһֻʣ㣬ʹֻܣȥ˪շɽѡ 
ʮ³ˣҶҪԼΪǰȥ磬ʵǰҩвƳĵ裬ֻҶյóԸʱߣԸüɽҶһͷ 

* * * * 


һĵĺܿ죬յһ졣һ磬̵űͼױҲʱ͵ 
ƽһδϴڣֻϱΪȻǣ˺ͷ֣·ȴƣ۵úܡŵʦ岮ʦֵܶ£ʦҲ⣬ܲѵϲЦգ˶λһߵȻȫİκȫΪŮĻصشԶϻأϼֵ 
ţ˫ȴƳһӰʦŭĿδֻ˼Ʈ롣ǸСС˶˴ɫƵ·Եɫ׵ˣЦ뿪ֱ۵ĲվúֱȻ̫ݵƮƮɵ̬һͻߡǰԼݹҪˣ˵Ҳ 
˭˵һءе۾϶Ц棬ΨյЦ˫ϥȻŮһͬ£ѻȸȴؼ֤Ե 
ʱ̣ȴһĿԣ󡭡һȺʹ˷ľ 

̧ͷһ˲佩ӲǸǰ˺ôһƬɫԼϵĺۻҪۼ֡ӣȴӣޣССǱߣɫҲһ 
һԼյƯգһԼʹȫɱȥͬʱκǰסǸ塣 
ʦŭȡʦ𾪣Ǿɵ񡭡ǡҶΪʲôʦʵ˵ҶҶֻǲˡ 
ǡ֮£ҲҲֻʣ»һϢˡӼֱƻˣִ棬ҪȼմջƾͿʼͣķ 
һʱвҲ˵ֻ˫۶ЦЦֱ֮۾һ׼˯Ҷ۾ҡ 
˭ָһҩ裬Ų֪ô죬ֱǸ˴һѹԭǰʦ塣ҶյúܽŵҩιȥѪζȴ뿪һֱһֱȥ 
ϣȫѪζͻȻһѽĲϡһ޵ĺ£޵úģɸģûסͿʼȰŽԵĻˣʦҲֺܿ죬ָϼѨȫܿɷϯ棻ʦ嵲סʦȻʦǰҶڴ˵úóɴվ 
ǰѽߣѾƤȴһ㶼ֻۣĸоŵֶֻһҶֶ΢Цˣ硭ǡǲǡһˣ 
ǰҲֿ׼˯šǻһһ֪֪ 
ҡ᲻㡭 
ǾͲҪ˯˵Ҷ˵ 
ߴһУǰѽбɳȥֱںϣɫƮԶˣֻ»ʹɽͷҶ۾Ҳ͸ˮ飺ҡԲ𡭡½㡭Ӧáһ 
¡ȥҴκ㡭ҶҪ۾ҡһֱҡ 
ҡҺܡ 
æԼ촽һڳ룬ҶͻЩٲҶ˵ 
ٷ£ȲϻһߵС˶ֻҪܾȵˣʲôԸ⡭ΪʲôֱڲأҶµһ̣һУԸû׵ĻᡭΪʲôҪȴ£»ôһ졪ԭԼģҶԲ֮Ȼ£ϡһеǻҪ¡ 
𼱴ٵĽŲʦƽʦ˱أпٻҶˣû£ 

ˮ۾ͷ 
Զĵ˵ͷƸ米ʾο֮ȻȻһ· 
ǵ۹ⶼעͬһϣͣĶǸ˿˵ԶĿǵıӰ߹һ˿ֿɬ΢Цš˵ţⱯ˵ĹԲֻǶѾԭµ˵ɽ·̫ 


ȫ꣩ 

ǣ~~~Ǻ£дִŰʵڲףʢŰŰȤɼһߣ˵ĳŵСһдһĽֻʴȰļǺǣԭ˻Ҫԭԭ£Ŵ̩˶ãִأֻǸԵˡʱûа̰ɣԾ͸Ĳִ֢֮κõĲŴȴҩҽġҩô֣ơʡʯࡢʲݣҪ̵ĻӦǴ׵ءڹصѨλһȽ϶ĵû̫дʵֿǱض̵ģ̵дѪɫʵڳƲʫ黭⡭˺ǵĶ浹ù֮һ仰һﵽʱҪݿ˵ĵزϾûˡ컹ǲ̵ģǲǣร 



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